Benedict Arnold: The Patriot Who Became America’s Most Notorious Traitor

• Early Years: A Child of Tragedy

Benedict Arnold IV was born in Norwich, Connecticut, to Benedict Arnold III and Hannah Waterman King on January 14, 1741. His childhood was marked by tragedy; he was one of six siblings born, and only he and his sister Hannah saw their childhood through to its end. The rest fell into yellow fever. His family’s fortunes were further marred by his father’s alcoholism as it siphoned their wealth and reputation.

Young Benedict had little option to grow up fast. He was apprenticed to an apothecary, and joining at 16, he sought adventure in the French and Indian War. Although his military stay at that time was short, the fire just lit a rub in him. By the year 1767, he had turned into an accomplished business executive and a family man with a wife, Margaret Mansfield, and three children. Moreover, loss waited for him again in the year 1775 when Margaret died.

When tensions with Britain boiled over, Arnold’s talents rose to the fore. One of the first to join the Continental Army, he received a captain’s commission. He immediately distinguished himself at Lexington and Concord and then combined with Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys in the capture of Fort Ticonderoga. This victory gave the revolutionaries a key strategic advantage early in the war.

But boldness brought consequences for Arnold. After disputes over command at Ticonderoga, he submitted his resignation in a huff. The men stayed loyal to him-the surest sign of his leadership. Soon enough, George Washington himself called on Arnold, appreciative of his skill and strategic mind. Arnold’s daring-to-be-great proposal to invade Canada won approval, and he led the men on a harrowing march through the Maine wilderness toward Quebec.

That would be an ambitious, albeit disastrous, campaign: the forces of Arnold began to be decimated by harsh conditions, desertions, and casualties. But he fought on, a blizzard, to lead desperate attacks on Quebec. In that battle, Arnold was shot in the leg, but his bravery earned him a promotion to brigadier general.

Arnold was a fighter, but the political machinations of Congress left him bitter. Time after time, less experienced officers were promoted over him, often due to political reasons rather than merit. He poured his own money into supporting his troops, leaving them in financial ruin. Yet Congress ignored his sacrifices and refused to reimburse him.

In 1777, it all came to a boil. Arnold fell out with his commander, General Horatio Gates, at the Battle of Saratoga. Gates, a politician in uniform, sat Arnold down, but that didn’t prevent Arnold from acting. In defiance of orders, Arnold conducted a brilliant charge that broke the British lines. The battle might have turned out differently had it not been for his leadership, which compelled the surrender of British General John Burgoyne. Saratoga became the turning point of the Revolution, convincing France to enter the war on the American side.

And yet, Gates declared victory. Arnold was severely injured in the same leg a second time and was left steaming. His bravery was beyond question, but his recognition remained further out of reach.

Love, Lavish Living, and Treachery

As governor of Philadelphia in 1778, Arnold’s fortunes seemed at last to have taken a turn for the better. The marriage to the young socialite Peggy Shippen, from a wealthy loyalist family, inaugurated a life of spectacularly reckless spending. Their outlay was greater than their income, and Arnold was duly suspected of profiteering. Charges of corruption were leveled; most had no substance, but the lasting harm was done to his reputation nonetheless.

Feeling his country had betrayed him, and that his sacrifices were not appreciated, Arnold reached a fateful decision. In 1779, he opened secret negotiations with the British, using Peggy as a go-between. For cash and a commission in the British Army, Arnold agreed to turn over the strategic American bastion of West Point.